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  Challenges to international diversification: analysis through the global synchronized loss index

  This article examines the problem of the decreasing efficiency of international investing during financial crises. Traditionally, it is believed that if you invest in different countries, you reduce risk. However, new research shows that when there is great market stress, all markets start to fall simultaneously. This scientific article examines ... This article examines the problem of the decreasing efficiency of international investing during financial crises. Traditionally, it is believed that if you invest in different countries, you reduce risk. However, new research shows that when there is great market stress, all markets start to fall simultaneously. This scientific article examines the �Global Synchronized Loss Index� (GSLI), which helps the average investor calculate how much of his �protection� has actually disappeared.

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  The interplay between trade integration and air transport in Africa

  This study examines the interaction between the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) in the context of economic integration in Africa. The objective is to systematize and synthesize existing literature and to develop an integrated conceptual framework for analyzing their combined economic ... This study examines the interaction between the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) in the context of economic integration in Africa. The objective is to systematize and synthesize existing literature and to develop an integrated conceptual framework for analyzing their combined economic effects. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on a conceptual literature review. The results indicate that trade integration and air transport liberalization are interdependent processes, operating through key mediating factors such as transport infrastructure, institutional coordination, regulatory harmonization, and the reduction of non-tariff barriers. The findings suggest that the interaction between AfCFTA and SAATM can generate cumulative economic effects, although their realization depends on structural and institutional conditions. The study contributes to the literature by integrating two largely separate analytical fields and by proposing a conceptual framework for future empirical research.

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  Energy integration in the European union as an instrument for accelerating the green transition

  The paper examines energy integration in the European Union as an economic and institutional mechanism for accelerating the green transition. It assesses how the deepening of the internal energy market, cross-border infrastructure and coordinated regulation facilitate the integration of renewable energy into the EU energy system. The analysis ... The paper examines energy integration in the European Union as an economic and institutional mechanism for accelerating the green transition. It assesses how the deepening of the internal energy market, cross-border infrastructure and coordinated regulation facilitate the integration of renewable energy into the EU energy system. The analysis combines academic literature, EU strategic and regulatory documents, and Eurostat and European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) data for 2004�2024. The findings show that progress is strongest in the electricity sector, while grid congestion and insufficient cross-border capacity still limit the overall effect of integration.