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  Franchising in the tourism sector

  The primary objective of this study is to analyze the role and effectiveness of the franchising model as a strategy for sustainable development and global expansion within the tourism sector. The research focuses on identifying the specific advantages for franchisors (rapid entry into new markets with low capital risk) and franchisees (access to ... The primary objective of this study is to analyze the role and effectiveness of the franchising model as a strategy for sustainable development and global expansion within the tourism sector. The research focuses on identifying the specific advantages for franchisors (rapid entry into new markets with low capital risk) and franchisees (access to an established brand, know-how, and marketing support). A comprehensive approach was employed, including a comparative analysis of leading international franchise chains in the hotel and restaurant industries. Methods of descriptive research on market data, SWOT analysis of the model in a dynamic environment, and a synthesis of best practices were applied. The legal and economic aspects of franchise agreements in tourism were also examined. The analysis demonstrates that franchising is a key driver for quality standardization in tourism, which enhances consumer trust. The results indicate that operating under a common brand allows small and medium-sized enterprises to survive in a highly competitive environment through access to global reservation systems and innovation. The conclusion confirms that despite challenges related to quality control, franchising remains the most successful model for scaling business within the tourism industry.

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  Direct and indirect costs of cyber incidents in the small enterprise

  The present study examines the critical need for a precise differentiation of the economic consequences of cyberattacks for the most vulnerable group of market participants - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At present, the conditions for doing business in the digital sphere are entirely shaped by increasingly sophisticated technological ... The present study examines the critical need for a precise differentiation of the economic consequences of cyberattacks for the most vulnerable group of market participants - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At present, the conditions for doing business in the digital sphere are entirely shaped by increasingly sophisticated technological challenges (AI-based threats, automated attacks, etc.), as well as regulatory pressures (the implementation of more niche and stringent requirements such as the NIS2 Directive), which place companies under significant financial strain. In this context, small businesses often prove to be financially unprepared due to their inherent pragmatic focus on direct and visible costs following such incidents. The main objective of this report is to propose a logical framework for differentiating the costs associated with cyber incidents in SMEs, enabling more accurate identification, tracking, and assessment of economic consequences in the short, medium, and long term.

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  Weapons of contemporary trade wars

  This study analyzes the role of economic sanctions as a key instrument in contemporary trade wars. It traces their evolution from limited and unsystematic measures in the past to highly specialized mechanisms of geoeconomic influence. The focus is placed on modern forms of sanctions, including financial restrictions, technological controls, and ... This study analyzes the role of economic sanctions as a key instrument in contemporary trade wars. It traces their evolution from limited and unsystematic measures in the past to highly specialized mechanisms of geoeconomic influence. The focus is placed on modern forms of sanctions, including financial restrictions, technological controls, and secondary sanctions, which are used to achieve economic and political dominance. The study also examines their impact on specific economic sectors such as agriculture and aviation, where both adaptive processes and structural distortions can be observed. The limitations of sanctions are also analyzed, particularly those related to global economic interdependence and the possibilities for their circumvention. The study concludes that despite their significant short-term effects, sanctions do not always achieve sustainable results and often lead to a reconfiguration of global economic relations.