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  A model for optimization of international market selection in a digital environment

  This study proposes a model for optimizing international market selection in a digital environment. In the context of the growing role of digital technologies, traditional approaches to market selection are not always sufficient for adequately assessing contemporary business conditions. In this regard, a conceptual model based on a composite ... This study proposes a model for optimizing international market selection in a digital environment. In the context of the growing role of digital technologies, traditional approaches to market selection are not always sufficient for adequately assessing contemporary business conditions. In this regard, a conceptual model based on a composite Market Attractiveness Score (MAS) is developed. The model integrates macroeconomic indicators, digital demand indicators, competitive environment, and entry barriers. The methodological approach is based on multi-criteria analysis and a data normalization method using min�max transformation, ensuring comparability across heterogeneous indicators. The proposed model aims to improve the structure and the justification of the international market selection process. The paper is currently conceptual in nature and provides a foundation for future empirical validation and for the advancement of decision-support tools in international business management.

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  Digitalization in customs: economic and institutional impacts

  Customs administrations are experiencing a significant transformation propelled by the swift growth of international trade and the rising complexity of global supply chains. Digitalization has become a crucial element in this evolution, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and risk management within customs operations. This paper examines the ... Customs administrations are experiencing a significant transformation propelled by the swift growth of international trade and the rising complexity of global supply chains. Digitalization has become a crucial element in this evolution, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and risk management within customs operations. This paper examines the economic and institutional ramifications of digitalization in contemporary customs administration through qualitative document analysis of institutional reports and scholarly literature. The results demonstrate that electronic customs systems can lead to a reduction in clearance times by 30�70% and a decrease in global trade costs by roughly 14.3%. The application of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things further boosts operational efficiency, risk-based management, and visibility within the supply chain. However, the study also indicates that the advantages of digitalization are distributed unevenly, attributed to gaps in infrastructure, differences in regulatory frameworks, and the global digital divide. This emphasizes the importance of coordinated international policies and institutional collaboration.

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  Direct and indirect costs of cyber incidents in the small enterprise

  The present study examines the critical need for a precise differentiation of the economic consequences of cyberattacks for the most vulnerable group of market participants - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At present, the conditions for doing business in the digital sphere are entirely shaped by increasingly sophisticated technological ... The present study examines the critical need for a precise differentiation of the economic consequences of cyberattacks for the most vulnerable group of market participants - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At present, the conditions for doing business in the digital sphere are entirely shaped by increasingly sophisticated technological challenges (AI-based threats, automated attacks, etc.), as well as regulatory pressures (the implementation of more niche and stringent requirements such as the NIS2 Directive), which place companies under significant financial strain. In this context, small businesses often prove to be financially unprepared due to their inherent pragmatic focus on direct and visible costs following such incidents. The main objective of this report is to propose a logical framework for differentiating the costs associated with cyber incidents in SMEs, enabling more accurate identification, tracking, and assessment of economic consequences in the short, medium, and long term.